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Dante
Build tests against Docker images by harnessing the power of layers
When I had journeyed half of our life's way,
I found myself within a shadowed forest,
for I had lost the path that does not stray.
Dante is a tool for building and running validation tests against Dockerfiles. With Dante you can ensure your Dockerfiles produce a safe and stable environment for your applications.
Dante is the perfect tool for CI servers and local development. We do not recommend using this tool in a production environment, its purpose is to verify images are production ready before they reach production.
Usage
Setup
Getting ready to use Dante is a 3 step process.
- Naturally, you need to have one or more environments defined as
Dockerfiles
- Define tests that run in your environment using
Dockerfiles
- Define an
inventory.yml file, which describes the structure of your project directory
Commands
test
Example: dante test
Builds all the images and subsequently runs tests on top of them.
push
Example: dante push
Pushes any images that exist on the host machine containing the tags defined in inventoy.yml to the Docker registry (not including tests).
Flags
All commands support this set of flags:
-j COUNT runs COUNT jobs in parallel.-r COUNT retry failed jobs COUNT times.
inventory.yml File
The tool is driven by a single yaml file in the base of your project directory named inventory.yml.
An inventory.yml may look like this:
images:
- name: "wblankenship/dockeri.co:server"
path: "./dockerico/server"
test: ["./dockerico/tests/http","./dockerico/tests/badges"]
alias: ["wblankenship/dockeri.co:latest"]
- name: "wblankenship/dockeri.co:database"
path: "./dockerico/database"
test: "./dockerico/tests/db"
Where the corresponding project directory would look like this:
.
├── dockerico
│ ├── db
│ │ └── Dockerfile
│ ├── server
│ │ └── Dockerfile
│ └── tests
│ ├── badges
│ │ └── Dockerfile
│ ├── db
│ │ ├── dependency.tar
│ │ └── Dockerfile
│ └── http
│ └── Dockerfile
└── inventory.yml
Tests
Tests are defined in the inventory.yml file using the test key, which can accept either a single string or an array of strings as a value.
A test is simply Dockerfile and looks like this:
WORKDIR /usr/src/app
ADD dependency.tar /
RUN tar -xvf dependency.tar
RUN this_will_fail
RUN echo "SUCCESS!"
When Dante runs, it will build each layer defined in the test Dockerfile on top of the image produced by the Dockerfile it is testing. If any command is unsuccesful, Dante will mark the image as having failed the test. In this example case the line RUN this_will_fail will result in the entire test failing.
It is safe to include dependencies in the directory with the Dockerfile as demonstrated with the line ADD dependency.tar /. Dante will upload the entire working directory as context to the docker daemon when building the image.
You may have noticed the missing FROM command in the Dockerfile. This is intentional as Dante will build this Dockerfile from the image it is a test for. If you are interested in how this works or why we do it this way, refer to our Philosophy section.
Aliases
Aliases are used to label a single image with mutliple tags. As opposed to rebuilding an image, which risks creating non-identical hashes for images that should be aliased, the alias key will use the docker tag command to create a proper alias for each value in the key's array.
Output
Dante generates two different outputs
- Markdown
- Docker Images
When running, the tool outputs its status to stdout in the form of markdown for easy integration with GitHub and the Docker Registry.
It also generates docker images tagged with the name value from the inventory.yml file, and successful test images are built with the same tag but with -test# append to the end, where # is the number of the current test
For example, if you have an inventory.yml file:
images:
- name: "wblankenship/dockeri.co:server"
path: "./dockerico/server"
test: ["./dockerico/tests/http","./dockerico/tests/badges"]
You will end up with the following Docker images (assuming the image builds and the tests run succesfully)
dockeri.co:server: the base imagedockeri.co:server-test1: the image built from the http directorydockeri.co:server-test2: the image built from the badges directory
Philosophy
We strongly believe that tooling should fit naturally into the existing ecosystem. This belief has driven every aspect of developing Dante. We have taken full advantage of existing tools and formats that exist within the docker ecosystem to produce an unobtrusive approach to testing Dockerfiles and docker images.
Testing Concept
Our approach to testing docker images is entirely driven by image layers. Now for a quick crash course into what we mean by that.
So lets say you build an image from a Dockerfile, it produces individual layers like in the diagram above. Each command in a Dockerfile produces a layer. The FROM command is special, it will build your Dockerfile layers ontop of the layers from another image.
What this allows us to do is build your image from a Dockerfile, then build the tests as layers on top of your image. Assuming all of the commands in the tests can succesfully generate layers on top of your image, you have a guarentee that the environment inside of your image is stable enough to run the tasks represented in your tests. We can then throw away the test layers and ship the base image now that we know it is in a stable state!
Technologies
There were a few design decisions we took under careful consideration when putting together this tool. Primarily:
- Tests as Dockerfiles
- Inventory file as yaml
- Output as Markdown
Tests as Dockerfiles
First and foremost, we wanted all tests to be built as layers ontop of the image we are testing. This ensures that we capture not only the environment we are testing, but the tests that we run inside of that environment. Assuming you are archiving the images generated by Dante, when a bug is found in production that the tests should have caught, you can reproduce the testing environment at any layer to inspect why exactly the test passed.
Tests as Dockerfiles also means that users do not need to learn new tools in order to test their images. They simply create a Dockerfile that makes assertions about the environment produced by the Dockerfile they are testing. For users with already established testing frameworks, these frameworks can easily be built into the Dockerfile and run as a layer ontop of the image itself.
Inventory file as yaml
We modeled our inventory file after the docker-compose.yml specification. This format is already established in the community, and reduces the congnitive overhead of producing the file.
Output as Markdown
The motivation for writting Markdown to stdout is to allow easy consumption of the results on both the Docker Registry and GitHub. Moving forward, we may include flags that change this behaviour.
Changlog
v2.1.0
alias key now supported in inventory.ymltest now tags aliases after successful buildpush now pushes both images and their aliases
v2.0.0
- Subcommands Added (
test and push)
- Dante can now push to repositories from an
inventory.yml file
- Implemented a
-r flag for retrying failed tests, builds, and pushes.
v1.1.0
- Added
j flag for parallel builds
